WAEC Biology Syllabus

Objective

Distinguish living/non-living things and viruses. Classify organisms into Monera, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Explain cell levels of organization (cell, tissue, organ, system) and complexity advantages/disadvantages.

Objective

Understand cell wall, membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles. Compare plant and animal cells. Master diffusion, osmosis, active transport, autotrophic/heterotrophic nutrition, cellular respiration (glycolysis, Kreb's cycle), excretion, growth (mitosis, tropisms), and reproduction (asexual, sexual, meiosis).

Objective

Examine skeletal materials (bone, cartilage, chitin), skeleton types, mammalian bones/joints, and plant supporting tissues (xylem, sclerenchyma). Understand heart/blood vessel structure, blood/lymph composition, plant water uptake, translocation, and transpiration.

Objective

Study gills, lungs, and cutaneous surfaces; gaseous exchange in fish, toads, mammals, and stomata. Examine kidney, liver, skin homeostatic structures. Study endocrine glands, plant auxins, central/peripheral nervous systems, reflex arcs, sense organs (eye, ear), and mammalian/plant reproduction.

Objective

Understand light/dark photosynthetic reactions, plant mineral requirements, food classes, food tests, digestive enzyme mechanisms, modes of nutrition, alimentary tracts, and mammalian dental formulae.

Objective

Study biotic/abiotic components, measure physical/edaphic factors, construct pyramids of energy/numbers, examine biological associations (symbiosis, parasitism), adaptation, air/water/soil pollution, ecological succession, pest control, public health, and natural resource conservation.

Objective

Measure continuous/discontinuous variations (height, fingerprints, ABO blood groups). Define genetic terms, Mendelian laws, chromosome inheritance, sex-linked traits, applications in agriculture/marriage counseling, social insect behavior (termites, bees), and Lamarckian/Darwinian evolution.

Objective

Apply the scientific method, master microscopy/slide preparation, understand phagocytosis/pinocytosis, DNA replication, RNA transcription, protein synthesis roles (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), and cell cycle stages (interphase, mitosis, meiosis).

Objective

Identify insect orders and construct dichotomous keys. Dissect small mammals, understand cardiac conduction (SAN, AVN), muscle sliding filament model, antenatal care, monocot/dicot morphology, floral formulae, integrated water management, recombinant DNA, fish farming, food additives, and biogas generation.

Objective

Outline cell theory historical developments. Differentiate taxis and nastism. Study kidney (nephritis, stones) and liver (hepatitis, gallstones, cancer) diseases. Examine perception of taste/smell, courtship (pairing, display, territoriality, migration), housefly metamorphosis, embryo adaptive features, and epigeal/hypogeal germination.

Objective

Examine nitrogen, carbon, and water cycles. Apply thermodynamic laws to ecological energy flow. Study marine, estuarine, forest, and arid habitats. Evaluate ecological impacts of bush burning, tillage, fertilizers, and herbicides. Apply fingerprinting and blood grouping to crime detection, transfusions, and paternity determination.